Schedule management faces challenges such as unrealistic deadlines, scope creep, resource constraints, and poor communication, often causing delays and cost overruns. Using tools like an interdependency matrix (IDM) with project management software tools like Microsoft Project improves accuracy, visibility, and control.

This article provides guidance on the best practices to adopt when preparing for an audit or inspection, with a particular focus on commissioning and qualification and the points to consider during the development of materials to explain a company’s individual approach to commissioning, qualification, and validation maintenance.

Categorization offers a useful starting point for assessing the risk of failure for individual software components, but it is not a validation checklist. Organizations must apply critical thinking to combine categorization with risk assessment and supplier assessments to appropriately scale life cycle activities and manage risk.

This article presents a model for promoting data quality of real-world data and evidence (RWD/RWE) and GxP processes with references to ISO 8000 for data quality management, making it a common language between regulated and nonregulated organizations.

Data integrity drives quality and compliance. Content addressable storage (CAS) stores and retrieves files by content type—not file location—using cryptographic fingerprints. The result: a mathematically provable version control, without broken links and far fewer audit headaches.

Sustainability principles can be effectively integrated into commissioning and qualification (C&Q) projects to support environmental goals without compromising compliance, quality, or patient safety. By positioning C&Q as both a verification tool and an enabler of sustainable intent, this article outlines a practical path for the pharmaceutical sector to enhance operational efficiency,...

The pharmaceutical industry’s embrace of digital technologies and sustainability is no longer a competitive advantage, but an operational necessity. As Pharma 4.0™ matures, its integration will be vital for achieving net-zero objectives and achieving pharmaceutical excellence.

Crafting a sustainable packaging strategy for the pharmaceutical industry is complex and requires balancing environmental responsibility with regulatory compliance and operational costs. In this article, we explore the key drivers, challenges, and best practices for developing such a strategy.

The development of platform drug delivery devices for combination products offers a transformative approach to drug delivery by enabling the reuse of device data across multiple drug and device combinations.

Advancements in technology—such as process intensification, continuous manufacturing, and 3D printing—are enabling transportable and point-of-care (PoC) medicines manufacturing, especially with the rise of personalized medicine. Modular, small-scale production systems are particularly well-suited for cell and gene therapies and other advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) designed for...

In April 2023, ISPE launched a survey to understand the sources of barriers to technological innovation within the pharmaceutical industry. This survey is part of an expansive and significant initiative by ISPE, Enabling Global Pharma Innovation: Delivering for Patients, which aims to promote consistent and harmonized interpretation and implementation of guidelines issued by the International...

Defining requirements for calibration and routine testing of weighing equipment in the laboratory and production remains a complex endeavor for pharmaceutical companies. Applying sound, risk-based metrological strategies across the entire pharmaceutical value chain will help manufacturers ensure compliance, consumer safety, and commercial success.

The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Packaging and Distribution Expert Committee approved chapters 665 and 1665 in 2024. These chapters establish clear and general guidelines for the use of plastic materials in process equipment used within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Their publication has raised new questions regarding the role of polymeric materials in manufacturing...

The increasing digitalization of the pharmaceutical and medical device industry has created novel cybersecurity challenges, particularly with the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. This article examines the dual nature of AI as both a potential threat vector and a powerful defensive tool.

The move to digital transformation represents a true paradigm shift in manufacturing, enabling organizations to leverage advanced technologies such as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), cloud computing, and artificial intelligence (AI) to ensure compliance and secure a competitive advantage. This article presents a working definition of digital transformation, the components involved in...

Pharmaceutical companies can use digital maturity assessments to address the challenges of upgrading brownfield facilities and implementing digital transformation improvements. Enabled by stakeholder workshops, these assessments can rapidly produce concrete plans and priorities to guide a facility’s development over the next three to five years—delivering business value and laying the...

Pharma 4.0™ is a reference framework tailored to the pharmaceutical industry, guiding its digital transformation. Although many of today’s processes generate sufficient data to enable advanced use cases, structured guidance for transformation is often lacking. To address this, the ISPE Pharma 4.0™ Subcommittee on Process Data Maps and Critical Thinking has introduced an approach to help...

The often-overlooked function of chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) holds tremendous potential to reshape the landscape of drug development. By embracing innovation and rethinking traditional approaches, CMC has the rare opportunity to drive transformative changes that could significantly accelerate the journey from initial concept to a fully realized therapy. This offers the...

The ISPE Baseline^® Guide Vol 8: Pharma 4.0™ was published in December 2023 to help accelerate the adoption of digital transformation. In quoting the opening narration of the original 1960s Star Trek television series, Christian Wölbeling, Founder and Chair of the ISPE Pharma 4.0™ Community of Practice, likes to say, “To boldly go where no one has gone before.”

With the help of Digital Twins, companies can achieve greater certainty and precision in making informed decisions at various stages of the product lifecycle, driven by a deep understanding of underlying Critical Business Parameters (CBPs).

Informed consent aims to provide clinical trial participants with transparent education about the trial’s objectives, potential risks and benefits, and procedural requirements. As clinical trial designs evolve to include decentralized and adaptive elements, the informed consent process becomes increasingly complex. In response, this article explores the potential application of AI-powered...

Cell therapies, especially autologous chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T cell) treatments, are transforming personalized medicine, bringing new hope to patients with conditions once thought untreatable. However, the manufacturing processes for these therapies remain predominantly manual, presenting significant challenges in scalability, consistency, and making these treatments more widely...

Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), which include cell and gene therapy (C&GT) products, frequently require handling steps between quality control release and patient administration. These steps take place directly at the point of care and are especially critical for C&GTs with limited shelf life after preparation.

Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) have the potential to treat life-threatening, incurable conditions. But access to these therapies remains challenging due to the nature of current ATMP manufacturing models. This article explores solutions, focusing on standardized processing and shared knowledge as gateways to automated, robotic manufacturing and decentralized production.

For patients who depend on personalized medicine, turnaround time matters. However, moving quickly is difficult for cell therapy companies because designing personalized therapies presents unique challenges unknown in traditional biotechnology. In this article, we’ll examine five strategies to help cell therapy companies develop resilience against these challenges, positioning themselves to...

Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) are transformative therapeutics that are realizing increasing gains in market approvals, yet are expensive products to produce. To enable a broader application of these medicinal products in the marketplace, the cost of goods (COGs) sold should be addressed early in development with a focus on reduction of cost to the patient.

A growing segment of the advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) landscape, which includes gene therapies and cell-based treatments, relies heavily on viral vectors for efficient gene delivery. The increasing demand for these therapies requires a robust, scalable, and cost-effective manufacturing solution.

Controlling contamination in environments where biological medicinal products are handled is of paramount importance to ensure the safety of personnel, sterility of drug products, and protection of the surrounding environment. The application of vaporized hydrogen peroxide (vH₂O₂) has emerged as a promising method for postproduction decontamination due to its ability to...

This special anniversary article addresses the history and milestones that define the GAMP Community of Practice (CoP). In celebration of the 25th anniversary of the creation of GAMP Americas, we reflect on the vital role GAMP Americas has played in that journey. We commemorate key accomplishments of its members, share recent activities, and look ahead to the future of GAMP Americas.

The pharmaceutical industry stands at the precipice of a revolution as emerging digital technologies provide new opportunities to boost productivity through continuous process improvements. The Pharma 4.0™ framework, an adaptation of the broader Industry 4.0 movement, aims to transform how drugs are produced and delivered.

With the approval of the first gene edited therapeutic in 2023, production of gene edited therapies is accelerating, introducing tough decisions for manufacturing development. Gene editing therapy production is complex, often involving multi-modality manufacturing operations in one facility to produce a single therapeutic. This article considers whether retrofitting an aging monoclonal...

Implementing advanced automation technologies is a strategic move that can amplify the positive outcomes of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) initiatives. By leveraging ESG initiatives, pharmaceutical companies can enhance their competitive edge and contribute positively to global sustainability efforts.

In the dynamic and highly regulated world of biopharmaceutical manufacturing, maintaining and ensuring quality is a critical success factor. An effective quality risk management (QRM) system is a key component in the overall quality management infrastructure of biopharmaceutical organizations. It offers a structured, scientific, and risk-based approach to decision-making, addressing potential...

Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) and cell and gene therapies (C&GTs) represent a promising medical product class that employs gene therapy, cell therapy, or tissue engineering to address various diseases and injuries. One critical aspect of ATMP and C&GT manufacturing is using cell culture media. With thousands of ATMPs and C&GTs in clinical trial phases, the role of...

Antibody engineering has transformed the development of therapeutic antibodies, enabling the creation of specific and effective treatments for a range of diseases. These antibody-based therapeutics are advancing in clinical development at a rapid rate and are being approved in record numbers. Currently, more than 100 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved for the treatment of various...

Although traditional tank farm systems have long been the cornerstone of buffer preparation, they face challenges that have grown with the expansion of processing scale in the industry.

With the Chinese government initiating drug regulatory reform in 2015 and China joining the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) in 2017, a significant number of measures have been implemented by the government. The aim is to make fundamental changes to China’s drug regulatory administration system so it can facilitate pharmaceutical development and better meet patient needs in the...

This article provides a brief introduction into the standards and regulations for medical devices. It compares the ISPE GAMP® 5 Guide: A Risk-Based Approach to Compliant GxP Computerized Systems (Second Edition) and applicable ISPE GAMP Good Practice Guides against the relevant regulations and standards for the development of software for medical devices and demonstrates GAMP® 5 Second...

Live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) have the potential to treat a wide range of ailments. However, these living microorganisms are difficult to produce due to evolving government regulations and limited GMP manufacturing experience. New facility designs and more specific process guidance could help overcome these challenges. This article explores the nuances of facility design and regulatory...

Cell and gene therapy (C&GT) products comprise a rapidly growing field of innovative medicines that hold the promise to treat and, in some cases, cure diseases that are otherwise untreatable. In this article, we provide points to consider when evaluating the comparability of C&GT when changes are made in their manufacturing processes.

This article describes how ISPE GAMP^® 5: A Risk-Based Approach to Compliant GxP Computerized Systems (Second Edition) and related GAMP Good Practice Guides can be effectively applied to help meet the requirements of the proposed European Union (EU) artificial intelligence (AI) regulation for qualifying GxP-regulated systems employing AI and machine learning (ML).

ISPE has launched an important new initiative, “Enabling Global Pharma Innovation: Delivering for Patients,” in support of the aspirations of many regulatory agencies globally to promote introduction of innovative pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Understanding and managing risks to continuous manufacturing (CM) technology is central to any decision to greenlight CM in a production-ready environment. Applying a systemwide risk management (SRM) approach to manufacturing is essential to ensuring manufacturing projects are vetted in a comprehensive and consistent manner.

Pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing (CM) is recognized as a key process intensification technology, with investment expected to rise in the coming years and the focus shifting toward biologics. This article provides a review on the current state of CM implementation, offers insights into life cycle management and regulatory aspects, and explains how a data- and knowledge-centric approach...

In the interest of understanding the current state of continuous manufacturing for biologics and to facilitate the path toward adoption of these promising technologies, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and BioPhorum jointly sponsored a hybrid workshop. This article summarizes trends from the workshop and ponders next steps.

To enable changes across the pharmaceutical industry, sustainability should be included alongside quality, efficacy, and safety when assessing medicines. This article reviews two case studies that cover sustainable pack types and extension of shelf life. With the drive to manage unmet medical need through acceleration of drug development programs, postapproval sustainability variations will...

The expected FDA approval for a Treprostinil dry powder inhaler revealed a need for the manufacturer to expand its warehousing and logistics capabilities to support its growing operations. The company’s senior leadership wanted to ensure this expansion came with as minimal an impact on the environment as possible, so a key priority was to provide a net zero energy facility. With a vision for...

In this article, potential Pharma 4.0™ technological solutions that can enhance continuous process verification (CPV) 4.0 are discussed. The necessary paradigm shift will allow companies to predict deviations more accurately, perform root cause...

Digital health is transforming the health care landscape through new technologies and platforms in patient care management, conducting of clinical trials, patient data collection, and the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Emerging digital health technologies (DHTs) may improve the quality of life for patients with chronic and debilitating diseases and provide novel health care solutions for...

As the pharmaceutical industry continues to grow and evolve, a significant contributor to innovation and evolution is mergers and acquisitions (M&A). M&A can enable academic researchers and small companies to fund and commercialize innovative products. In addition, M&A can help larger organizations secure new and complementary technology and products. In the pharmaceutical...

As the industry experiences significant changes to the way we do business, knowledge capture and sharing are more important now than ever before. The maturing digitalization of the biopharma industry’s business and processes is creating an increasingly data- and information-rich environment that requires more effective mechanisms for sharing data and information. The Knowledge Management team...

On 26 January 2022, representatives of the author team for the ISPE Good Practice Guide: Knowledge Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry held a webinar to provide an...

The life cycle approach to process validation stresses the need for continued monitoring of process performance to ensure that the manufacturing process remains stable and predictable, i.e., in a state of control. This life cycle stage is known as continued process verification (CPV) or ongoing process verification (OPV).US Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation...

Two sessions at the 2022 ISPE Facilities of the Future Conference in early February captured varied views of emerging technologies in the pharmaceutical industry, and the industry’s work to embrace...

What do recipients of ISPE’s prestigious Facilities of the Year Award (FOYA) know that has helped their projects succeed? What are the lessons learned from achievements in facilities development, including forward-looking projects that encompass and inspire changes in the industry? Pharmaceutical Engineering® spoke with nine FOYA winners from recent years about the lessons they learned and...

As adoption of cloud technology continues to increase across the life sciences industry, so too does the need to establish a standardized and pragmatic approach for ensuring the quality of software applications used in support of GxP data and associated processes. This article focuses on the application level and the growing use of software as a service (SaaS) within the life sciences...

Developing comprehensive digital solutions is crucial for the entire value creation process for pharmaceuticals. A holistic view of the interrelations of product, production process, and plant is becoming increasingly significant. In this context, the application of model-based technologies provides support in drug development, process scale-up, and manufacturing. Furthermore, it accelerates...

With so many options for personalizing our lives, is the personalization of medicine far behind? With all the data available, how can the industry bring personalized medicine to patients? This article explores what is currently available and where the pharmaceutical industry can move forward to better serve patient needs.

This article revisits the concept of phased engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) and updates it with risk-based considerations specifically regarding the commissioning, qualification, and validation (CQV) of general life-cycle principles for pharma and biotech projects. Enhancing the relationship between phases of a project, advanced planning, and more formal management of...

A unique aspect of the pharmaceutical industry is the pairing of innovation and regulation. For nearly two decades, ISPE’s Product Quality Lifecycle Initiative (PQLI®) has worked at the nexus of...

In its 30-year history, the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) has covered a wide range of topics to generate quality, safety, efficacy, and multidisciplinary harmonized guidelines. As science advances, issued guidelines are being updated and new guidelines are proposed in a pipeline of potential future activity. This...

ISPE’s Regulatory Affairs function plays a vital role in the Society, which is to build effective relationships with regulators and agencies globally and ensure all members have access to the latest regulatory developments and...

Application of continuous manufacturing (CM) in the pharmaceutical industry is gaining momentum. Most of the current experience is based on oral solid dosage (OSD) projects but in the future continuous manufacturing should not be limited to these dosage forms. In this article, the regulatory acceptability of continuous manufacturing to produce pharmaceuticals is demonstrated in different...

The ISPE OSD Community of Practice Continuous Manufacturing Subcommittee is planning a Good Practice Guide to capture information developed over several years by the team to establish equipment requirements, identify opportunities for harmonization and flexible integration, and suggest where current equipment may be enhanced to work with continuous manufacturing platforms of the future.

Cell and gene therapies are complex. As more therapies come to market in the hope of bringing advanced treatments and cures to rare, orphan, and difficult-to-treat diseases, designing quality standards for these personalized medicines is equally as complex.European Commission. EudraLex, Volume 4: EU Guidelines for GMPs for Medicinal Products for Human and Veterinary Use. Part 4:...

This second of a two-part series explores digital transformation and digitalization in the biopharmaceutical industry with information about how data science enables digitalization along the product life cycle. (Part 1 was published in the March-April 2021 issue of Pharmaceutical Engineering.Herwig, C., et al. “Data Science for Pharma 4.0™, Drug Development, and Production—Part...

This article provides a beginner’s overview of how organizations can achieve a state of preparedness (readiness) for inspections, with a specific focus on IT systems.

In 2021, the ISPE GAMP^® Community of Practice (CoP) is celebrating 30 years of promoting industry good practice for computerized systems and encouraging technical innovation and progress, while protecting patient...

Digital transformation and digitalization are on the agenda for all organizations in the biopharmaceutical industry. But what are the main enablers of intelligent manufacturing? We hypothesize that data science–derived manufacturing process and product understanding is the main driver of digitalization in the bioprocessing industry for biologics manufacturing. In this article, the first of a...

During the ISPE Pharma 4.0™ Virtual Conference, the Management Communication working group of the ISPE Pharma 4.0™ Special Interest Group (SIG) held a workshop to support ISPE members in pitching,...

Across every industry today, digitalization is driving the use and value of data to disrupt traditional business models and ways of working. In pharmaceuticals, the promises of Industry 4.0 are expected, and needed, to finally modernize the legacy approaches that have evolved since the 1970s. Validation is an obvious target for digital disruption because of the inefficient, document-heavy...

A fundamental GMP requirement is that processes, systems, and methods used to produce medicines and treatments are validated, meaning their fitness for a purpose is demonstrated. If Industry 4.0 is to succeed in the pharma space as

Through this difficult time of the COVID-19 pandemic, ISPE has remained active. At the 2020 ISPE Pharma 4.0™ Virtual Conference, 17–18 November, 174 attendees gathered online to discuss and learn about...

ISPE has announced the launch of its Advancing Pharmaceutical Quality (APQ) Program with the publication of the ISPE APQ Guide: Corrective Action and Preventive Action (CAPA)...

This article describes the Pharmaceutical Equipment Exposure Measurement Database (PEEM-DB), which was launched in July 2019 by the ISPE Japan Affiliate for its members. PEEM-DB is offered as a tool for rationally advancing optimal containment equipment settings by collecting exposure measurement results for...

Personnel management is the most challenging variable in maintaining current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) across the life cycle of drug manufacture, safety, and supply. A standard operating procedure (SOP) outlines agreed-upon instructions for personnel training and instructions for maintaining systems, machines, documents, and records in a qualified state to produce safe products. This...

Drug developers know that the odds of anyone compound demonstrating safety and efficacy for a disease and its affected populations are low. How can drug developers improve these odds and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of drug development? One useful tool is model-informed drug development (MIDD), which uses computer models to inform the design of clinical trials or to run...

Joydeep Ganguly, who is currently Senior Vice President, Corporate Operations, at Gilead Sciences, Inc., places a premium on working for a mission-oriented company. “If you choose the right company with the right ethos and a deep, tangible commitment to the patients, the mission is not just rhetoric,” he said. “You see it in the way they do things. If you work for a company that makes that...

As biopharmaceuticals have become a major part of the pharmaceutical industry, we have witnessed significant transformations in product development, strategy, technology, and operations. This ongoing transformational process was the main theme of the fourth annual

Oligonucleotides are a relatively new class of drugs, composed of natural and synthetic nucleotides, which primarily include small interfering RNA (siRNA), micro RNA (miRNA), and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). These molecules achieve therapeutic effects through RNA interference, degradation, or splice-modulating pathways.Weng, Y., H. Xiao, J. Zhang, X. J. Liang, and Y. Huang....

ISPE is celebrating its 40th anniversary this year! Here are some of the memorable events from the last 40 years.

As Pharma 4.0™ increasingly becomes reality, our validation practices must change. We can no longer apply 20th-century thinking to 21st-century technology and resources. Validation must adapt to industry shifts from iterative to...

The current regulatory framework in the pharmaceutical industry places pressure on marketing authorization holders (MAHs) to demonstrate quality oversight, and a systematic risk management process is a prerequisite for avoiding compliance and productivity pitfalls. This article focuses on options to improve day to- day operations and to ease decision-making by integrating operational risk...

The ISPE France Affiliate is fortunate in many ways. The pharmaceutical industry in France is world class, employing close to 100,000 people and generating €55.9 billion in annual revenue.LEEM. “French Pharmaceutical Industry—Key Data 2019.” Accessed 9 July 2020.

Recent projects on serialization and track and trace help illustrate the concepts of vertical and horizontal integration. With vertical integration, the unique product identification information (serial number, lot, etc.) used by sensors and printers on the packaging lines is made accessible to the supply chain and regulatory hubs throughout the entire technology stack. With horizontal...

The 2020 ISPE Aseptic Conference was capped off on Tuesday, 3 March, by the Interactive Regulatory Panel session, which has been a popular feature of the conference during its 29 years. The session featured a panel...

Pam Cheng is Executive Vice President, Global Operations & Information Technology, at AstraZeneca, a United Kingdom–headquartered pharmaceutical company with more than 60,000 employees. In this role, she combines her expertise as an engineer with business savvy and seeks opportunities to lead her company and her industry forward in innovative ways.

As the old saying goes, “Time is money.” In today’s industrialized world, this adage is profoundly true. Manufacturers can no longer afford to overlook operational excellence. A new production philosophy called “Lean manufacturing” has been developed to save as much time as possible during manufacturing processes. In some industries, such as the automotive sector, Lean has almost been...

At the 2019 ISPE Global Pharmaceutical Regulatory Summit, regulators updated attendees on approaches to industry innovations and the ongoing work on harmonization and reliance around the...

Virtually every ISPE member has at least one story to tell about how health authority inspections or the review and approval of regulatory applications have affected their efforts to supply critically needed medications to patients globally. Although these stories may emphasize the considerable challenges that ISPE members face, they also frequently identify great opportunities for innovation...

Annex 2 is the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) document by the Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S) addressing manufacture of biological medicinal substances and products for human use. This article shares information about Annex 2 and ISPE’s submitted comments to the draft revision of Annex 2 that was released for public consultation in September 2019.

Sustainability is a key principle for pharmaceutical companies in 2020. However, translating corporate goals into meaningful improvements can be a challenge, particularly when competing factors such as complex technical requirements or ambitious project schedules are involved.

Medical treatments and pharmaceuticals are indispensable in improving quality of life. In recent years, however, pharmaceutical compounds have become a significant group of environmental pollutants, shown to pose risks to human health and have adverse environmental effects.

With the start of the new year, Pharmaceutical Engineering^® is launching a new series of profiles of industry leaders. This ongoing series will look at the lives and careers of individuals who are changing the face of the pharmaceutical industry.

Ranjana B. Pathak, BSc (Hons), MBA, DHA, has spent nearly 40 years in the pharmaceutical industry. Currently the President and Global Head of Quality, Medical Affairs, and Pharmacovigilance at Cipla Ltd. in Mumbai, India, Pathak’s long tenure has afforded her an informed perspective on the past, present, and future of the industry. An active member of the

Every important cause needs its champion. Champions have a vision of how things should be, and a passion to reach their goals. They are committed and determined to achieve positive results, are willing to do the heavy lifting, and will take consistent and massive action until results are achieved.

As the pharmaceutical industry balances demands for small-batch and blockbuster products and encounters new regulations, there is a need for efficient and safe production technologies that can meet stringent quality and safety requirements for the aseptic filling of drugs. Looking forward, manufacturers should anticipate future format, packaging, and filling needs, and seek technologies with...

To meet the EU serialization deadline on 9 February 2019, pharmaceutical companies and their contractors have had to reorganize their manufacturing lines and logistics to ensure compliance with the EU’s Falsified Medicines Directive (FMD) of 2011 and the EU Commission Delegated Regulation 2016/161 of 2016. Worldwide, other anticounterfeiting regulations are already in place or coming soon in...

Great strides are being made in bioprinting, and the end result could revolutionize pharmaceutical development and testing.