The separation of low-molecular weight compounds from high molecular weight components by diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. Frequently utilized to remove salts, introduce salts, remove biological effectors such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides, nucleotides phosphates, etc. from polymeric molecules such as protein, DNA, RNA, etc. Commonly used membranes have a molecular weight cutoff around 10,000 but other membrane pore sizes are available.